遗忘有时是社会的粘合剂，否则就无法凝聚在一起

 戴高乐和临时政府

de gaulle and the provisional government

在他领导自由法国人的整个过程中，戴高乐的声明和行动都唤起了一个共同的主题：

重建一个合法和强大的法国国家，只有它才能在解放后恢复秩序，并在对德作战的最后阶段与盟国平等相处。

戴高乐在他的总统回忆录中写道：

”对法国负责的国家，'同时掌管着昨天的遗产、今天的利益和明天的希望。”[68]

戴高乐将国家设想为一代人的契约，他呼应了埃德蒙-伯克的观点，后者将社会定义为 "活着的人、死去的人和即将出生的人之间的伙伴关系。

 

Throughout his leadership of the Free French, de Gaulle’s statements and actions had evoked a common theme: to reconstruct a legitimate and powerful French state, which alone could restore order after the liberation and deal with the Allies as an equal in the endgame against Germany. ‘The state, which is answerable for France,’ de Gaulle wrote in his presidential memoir, ‘is in charge at one and the same time of yesterday’s heritage, today’s interests, and tomorrow’s hopes.’[68]

In conceiving of the state as a generational compact, de Gaulle was echoing Edmund Burke, who defined society as ‘a partnership . . . between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born.’[69]

 

这种国家观念有助于挽救法国的自尊，把维希描绘成辉煌的过去和光明的未来之间的一个错误的间歇期，把自由法国描绘成国家的真正延续。

如果戴高乐在战争年代不是一个坚定的法国身份的斗士--或者他没有坚持他对一个基于国际的法国替代维希的领导--连续性的神话将是不可靠的。

正如我们所看到的，只有相对较少的法国公众积极支持自由法国人；然而戴高乐所施展的魔咒足够强大，它有效地将这一事实从法国人的记忆中驱逐出去。

矛盾的是，遗忘有时是社会的粘合剂，否则就无法凝聚在一起。

 

This idea of state served to salvage France’s self-respect by portraying Vichy as an erroneous interregnum between a glorious past and a bright future – and Free France as the true continuity of the state. Had de Gaulle not been as determined a fighter for French identity during the war years – or had he not asserted his leadership of an internationally based French alternative to Vichy – the myth of continuity would have been implausible. As we have seen, only a comparatively small share of the French public actively supported the Free French; yet the spell cast by de Gaulle was sufficiently powerful that it effectively banished this fact from French memory. Forgetfulness, paradoxically, is sometimes the glue for societies that would not otherwise cohere.

 

淡化维希的重要性也让戴高乐在1944年10月灵活地解散了爱国民兵组织，这是一个由前抵抗运动战士组成的团体，从事对所谓的纳粹合作者的治安管理。

取而代之的是他之前在阿尔及尔准备的更加统一的司法系统。

国家要么在其境内拥有合法的暴力垄断权，要么没有；即决处决在戴高乐的法国没有任何地位。

 

Downplaying Vichy’s importance also gave de Gaulle in October 1944 the flexibility to dissolve the Patriotic Militia, a group of former Resistance fighters engaged in vigilantism against alleged Nazi collaborators. In its place he imposed the more uniform system of justice he had previously prepared in Algiers. The state either possessed a monopoly of legitimate violence within its territory or it did not; summary executions had no place in de Gaulle’s France.