英葡联盟與印度收回果阿

*但如果果阿受到攻击，英国在技术上有义务根据600年的条约援助葡萄牙人，提供 "军队、弓箭手、投石机、有足够战争装备的大帆船"。

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英葡联盟

英葡联盟（或Aliança Luso-Inglesa，"葡英联盟"）是世界上基于已知历史的最古老的联盟，在政治上仍然有效。[1] 它是在1386年的温莎条约上签署的，由英格兰王国（后来被英国继承）和葡萄牙王国（现在的葡萄牙共和国）组成，尽管这些国家之前是通过1373年的英葡条约结盟。

在历史上，葡萄牙王国和英格兰王国，以及后来的现代葡萄牙共和国和联合王国，自《温莎条约》签署以来，从未相互发动战争，也没有作为独立国家参加过对立面的战争。在葡萄牙被归入伊比利亚联盟的同时，葡萄牙的反叛派别和流亡政府在英国寻求庇护和帮助。英国站在被废黜的葡萄牙王室一边，率先发起了英西战争（1585-1604）。

这个联盟在两国各自的军事历史中都发挥了作用，影响了英国对半岛战争的参与、英国对拿破仑战争的主要土地贡献以及在葡萄牙建立英美基地。葡萄牙在需要的时候援助了英国（以及后来的英国），例如在第一次世界大战中。今天，葡萄牙和英国都是北约的一部分，北约是几个北美和欧洲国家之间更大的政府间军事联盟，占全球军事支出总额的70%以上。

中世纪

英国对阿维兹家族（1385年至1580年统治葡萄牙）的援助为葡萄牙与英国的合作奠定了基础，这种合作将成为葡萄牙五百多年来外交政策的基石。然而，英国对葡萄牙的援助可以追溯到1147年的里斯本围攻战，当时英国和其他北欧十字军--在前往圣地参加第二次十字军东征的途中--停下来，帮助葡萄牙国王阿丰索-亨里克从摩尔人手中征服了这座城市。1386年5月，《温莎条约》以两国之间的永久友好条约封存了这一联盟--最初始于1294年，在1372年的《塔吉尔德条约》和随后的1373年《英葡条约》中得到延续，并在阿尔朱巴罗塔之战（1385年）中得到确认。该条约中最重要的部分指出："。

双方真诚地同意，如果在未来的时间里，其中一位国王或其继承人需要另一位国王的支持或帮助，并且为了获得这种帮助，以合法的方式向其盟友申请，盟友有义务在其盟友的王国、土地、领地和臣民面临的危险所要求的范围内，尽其所能（没有任何欺骗、欺诈或假装）向对方提供援助和支持；并且他将受到这些现有联盟的坚定约束，以便这样做。

1386年7月，已故英格兰国王爱德华三世的儿子、未来英格兰国王亨利四世的父亲兰开斯特公爵约翰带着一支远征军在加利西亚登陆，在葡萄牙人的帮助下向卡斯蒂利亚王室提出了自己的要求。他没能赢得卡斯蒂利亚贵族的支持，带着对手索偿者的现金补偿回到了英格兰。

高特的约翰留下了他的女儿，兰开斯特的菲利帕，与葡萄牙国王约翰一世结婚（1387年2月），以确定英葡联盟的关系。通过这次婚姻，约翰一世成为了被诗人Luís de Camões称为 "杰出的一代 "的一代王子的父亲，他们在 "发现 "时期将葡萄牙带入了其黄金时代。

菲利帕给宫廷带来了盎格鲁-诺曼人的贵族教养传统，并让她的孩子们接受良好的教育。她的个人品质达到了最高标准，[引用如前]她改革了宫廷，并对道德行为施加了严格的标准。另一方面，更加宽容的葡萄牙贵族认为她的方法过于传统或过时。

菲利帕为英国商业利益提供了皇家赞助，这些商业利益试图满足葡萄牙人对鳕鱼和布匹的渴望，以换取通过英国在波尔图的仓库运输的葡萄酒、软木、盐和油。她的长子杜阿尔特撰写了道德作品，并于1433年成为国王；佩德罗游历广泛，对历史感兴趣，在杜阿尔特1438年死于瘟疫后成为摄政王（1439-1448）。圣王子费迪南（1402-1443），成为十字军战士，参与了1437年对丹吉尔的攻击；而恩里克--也被称为航海家亨利王子（1394-1460）--成为基督会的主人，是葡萄牙早期发现之旅的发起人和组织者。

 *But if Goa is attacked, Britain is technically obliged by a 600-year-old treaty to aid the Portuguese with "troops, archers, slingers, galleys sufficiently armed for war.

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Anglo-Portuguese Alliance

The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance (or Aliança Luso-Inglesa, "Luso-English Alliance") is the oldest alliance based on known history in the world that is still in force by politics.[1] It was signed at the Treaty of Windsor in 1386, between the Kingdom of England (since succeeded by the United Kingdom) and the Kingdom of Portugal (now the Portuguese Republic), though the countries were previously allied via the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373.

Historically, the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of England, and later the modern Portuguese Republic and United Kingdom, have never waged war against each other nor have they participated in wars on opposite sides as independent states since the signing of the Treaty of Windsor. While Portugal was subsumed under the Iberian Union, rebellious Portuguese factions and government in exile sought refuge and help in England. England spearheaded the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) on the side of the deposed Portuguese royal house.

The alliance has served both countries throughout their respective military histories, influencing the participation of the United Kingdom in the Peninsular War, the UK's major land contribution to the Napoleonic Wars and the establishment of an Anglo-American base in Portugal. Portugal aided England (and later the UK) in times of need, for example, in the First World War. Today, Portugal and the United Kingdom are both part of NATO, a larger intergovernmental military alliance between several North American and European states that accounts for over 70% of total global military spending.

Middle Ages

English aid to the House of Aviz (which ruled Portugal from 1385 to 1580) set the stage for Portuguese cooperation with England that would become a cornerstone of Portugal's foreign policy for more than five hundred years. However, English aid to Portugal went back much further to the 1147 Siege of Lisbon, when English and other northern European crusaders – en route to the Holy Land to participate in the Second Crusade – stopped and helped Portuguese King Afonso Henriques to conquer the city from the Moors. In May 1386, the Treaty of Windsor sealed the alliance – first started in 1294, renewed in the Treaty of Tagilde in 1372 and the ensuing Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373 and confirmed at the Battle of Aljubarrota (1385) – with a pact of perpetual friendship between the two countries. The most important part of the treaty stated that:

It is cordially agreed that if, in time to come, one of the kings or his heir shall need the support of the other, or his help, and in order to get such assistance applies to his ally in lawful manner, the ally shall be bound to give aid and succour to the other, so far as he is able (without any deceit, fraud, or pretence) to the extent required by the danger to his ally’s realms, lands, domains, and subjects; and he shall be firmly bound by these present alliances to do this.[2]

In July 1386, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, son of the late king Edward III of England and father of the future King Henry IV of England, landed in Galicia with an expeditionary force to press his claim to the Crown of Castile with Portuguese aid. He failed to win the support of the Castilian nobility and returned to England with a cash compensation from the rival claimant.

John of Gaunt left behind his daughter, Philippa of Lancaster, to marry King John I of Portugal (February 1387) in order to seal the Anglo-Portuguese alliance. By this marriage, John I became the father of a generation of princes called by the poet Luís de Camões the "Illustrious Generation", which led Portugal into its golden age, during the period of the Discoveries.

Philippa brought to the court the Anglo-Norman tradition of an aristocratic upbringing and gave her children good educations. Her personal qualities were of the highest standard,[citation needed] and she reformed the court and imposed rigid standards of moral behaviour. On the other hand, the more tolerant Portuguese aristocracy saw her methods as too traditional or outdated.

Philippa provided royal patronage for English commercial interests that sought to meet the Portuguese desire for cod and cloth in return for wine, cork, salt, and oil shipped through the English warehouses at Porto. Her eldest son, Duarte, authored moral works and became king in 1433; Pedro, who travelled widely and had an interest in history, became regent (1439–1448) after Duarte died of the plague in 1438; Ferdinand the Saint Prince (1402–1443), who became a crusader, participated in the attack on Tangiers in 1437; and Henrique – also known as Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) – became the master of the Order of Christ and the instigator and organiser of Portugal's early voyages of discovery.