印度收回果阿邦

 不能容忍 "的果阿

1961年12月22日，星期五

印度的贾瓦哈拉尔-尼赫鲁就像一个同时被大象践踏和被蚊子针刺的人--他选择了蚊子。尼赫鲁在尽力忽视共产党中国最近对印度东北部一个广阔的（5万平方英里）争议地区的入侵的同时，最近宣布葡萄牙在印度西海岸的郁郁葱葱的罗得岛大小的殖民地果阿正变得越来越 "令人无法容忍"。上周，尽管中立主义者尼赫鲁过去曾抗议印度永远不会使用武力将葡萄牙人赶出印度土地上的最后一块欧洲殖民地，但他的武装部队正在果阿180英里的边界上集结，尼赫鲁本人宣布他正处于军事干预的 "边缘"。

自1947年英国人撤出印度以来，尼赫鲁一直试图让葡萄牙撤出果阿（人口70万）*与法国不同，法国在1954年不情愿地退出其最后的印度属地，葡萄牙强人安东尼奥-德奥利维拉-萨拉扎尔坚持认为，这个有451年历史的殖民地，与该国的其他海外属地一样，是葡萄牙的一个 "省"。在1955年与葡萄牙人断绝外交关系后，尼赫鲁豪迈地宣布。"历史将把他们赶走"。

但近几个月来，印度国内要求推动历史发展的压力越来越大。上周在联合国，印度指责葡萄牙 "肆意攻击 "印度航运和渔民，指控 "葡萄牙军队和雇佣兵的大量增援 "已被赶到果阿。此外，尼赫鲁说，侵犯边境、"恶劣的酷刑案件 "和政治 "镇压 "对印度构成 "直接挑战"。葡萄牙将印度的指控斥为 "赤裸裸的谎言"，宣布边境 "侵犯 "是由印度军队模拟的，他们偷偷越过边境，回来向自己的防线开火。

果阿的士兵可能不超过5,000人，如果有飞机的话也很少。据大多数观察家说，尼赫鲁的 "解放 "最多需要几天时间。多达30,000名印度精锐部队被部署在果阿的森林守卫边界。印度喷气式战斗机在果阿的中心地带呼啸而过，其唯一的航空母舰在亚洲最好的港口--果阿的马尔马戈阿港附近巡航。一份政府声明说。"果阿的民族主义者和地下团体公开表示欢欣鼓舞，等待迎接印度军队的到来。"

上周，美国大使约翰-肯尼思-加尔布雷斯两次恳求尼赫鲁通过调解解决争端，但印度人坚持认为葡萄牙首先要宣布它打算撤出果阿，这显然排除了任何谈判的可能性。果阿的总督冷静地命令妇女和儿童撤离。他说。"如果有必要，我们将死在这里。"

*但如果果阿受到攻击，英国在技术上有义务根据600年的条约，以 "军队、弓箭手、投石机、足够的战争装备的大帆船 "援助葡萄牙人。

“Intolerable" Goa

Friday, Dec. 22, 1961

ARTICLE TOOLS

India's Jawaharlal Nehru is like a man who is simultaneously being trampled by an elephant and needled by a mosquito—and goes for the mosquito. While doing his best to ignore Communist China's latest incursions in a vast (50,000 sq. mi.), disputed area oi northeastern India, Nehru declared recently that Portugal's lush, Rhode Island-sized colony of Goa on India's west coast was becoming increasingly "intolerable." Last week, for all Neutralist Nehru's past protestations that India would never use force tp eject the Portuguese from the last European colony on Indian soil, his armed forces were building up on Goa's 180-mile border, and Nehru himself announced that he was "on the verge" of military intervention.

Nehru has been trying to get Portugal to pull out of Goa (pop. 700,000) since the British withdrew from India in 1947* Unlike France, which reluctantly quit its last Indian possessions in 1954, Portugal's Strongman Antonio de Oliveira Salazar insists that the 451-year-old colony, like his country's other overseas possessions, is a Portuguese "province." After breaking off diplomatic relations with the Portuguese in 1955, Nehru declared loftily: "History will remove them."

But pressure to nudge history along has been mounting in India during recent months. In the U.N. last week, India accused Portugal of "wanton attacks" on Indian shipping and fishermen, charged that "heavy reinforcements of Portuguese troops and mercenaries" have been rushed to Goa. In addition, said Nehru, frontier violations, "bad cases of torture," and political "repression" pose "a direct challenge to India." Portugal dismissed India's charges as "barefaced falsehoods," declared that frontier "violations" were simulated by Indian troops who sneaked across the border and came back firing toward their own lines.

Goa probably has no more than 5,000 soldiers and few if any aircraft. According to most observers, Nehru's "liberation" would take at most a few days. Up to 30,000 crack Indian troops were deployed on Goa's forest-guarded border. Indian jet fighters screamed over the heart of Goa, and its only aircraft carrier cruised off the Goanese port of Marmagoa, Asia's finest harbor. Said a government statement: "Nationalists and underground circles in Goa are openly jubilant, waiting to welcome the Indian army."

Twice last week U.S. Ambassador John Kenneth Galbraith pleaded with Nehru to settle the dispute by mediation, but the Indian's insistence that Portugal would first have to announce its intention to withdraw from Goa clearly ruled out any likelihood of negotiations. Goa's governor general calmly ordered the evacuation of women and children. Said he: "If necessary, we will die here."

*But if Goa is attacked, Britain is technically obliged by a 600-year-old treaty to aid the Portuguese with "troops, archers, slingers, galleys sufficiently armed for war."