弱国、大国、超级大国、超级强国=>三只小猪

弱国、大国、超级大国、超级强国=>三只小猪

THE FOUR AGES OF AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY

WEAK POWER, GREAT POWER, SUPERPOWER, HYPERPOWER

美国外交政策的四个时代

弱国、大国、超级大国、超级强国

美国历史上的国际关系史的百科全书。

约翰-霍普金斯大学高级国际研究学院名誉教授曼德尔鲍姆写道：

"美国的外交政策......一直是不寻常的意识形态、不寻常的经济和不寻常的民主，"

美国领导人专注于自由、人权和自由选举的理想。

在革命后的几十年里，美国相对较弱，稳步发展，但引起世界关注的是南北战争。

美国的资金和生产帮助确保了盟军在第一次世界大战中的胜利。

在两次战争之间，美国的外交政策不像许多流行的历史所声称的那样 "孤立主义"，而是强调财政责任和裁军，直到大萧条时期，民主国家转向内向，德国和日本试图在全球舞台上大幅扩大其地位。

在他对二战的叙述中，曼德尔鲍姆强调了美国自身的泰坦式扩张。

到1945年，美国制造了 "全世界所有军备的40%"，并建立了世界上最大的军队。

然后，它遇到了另一个超级大国：苏联。

在东欧的征服、毛泽东中国的所谓盟友以及马克思主义日益增长的吸引力的帮助下，苏联的崛起使美国人相信他们受到了威胁。

这导致了在朝鲜和越南的两场大型灾难性战争，许多小型对抗，与中国的和解，以及最终苏联出乎意料的解体。

在20世纪90年代，美国是世界上无可挑战的超级强国，但21世纪的特点是失败。恐怖主义的幽灵，从来都不是真正的军事威胁，困扰着美国领导人，他们在阿富汗和伊拉克陷入了昂贵而无果的战争。

曼德尔鲍姆痛苦地得出结论，许多所谓的美国理想已经失去了吸引力。

在全球范围内，激进的民族主义激增，许多国家的专制者，往往是自由选举产生的，已经掌握了权力。

动刀弄枪的极端主义运动在西欧和美国蓬勃发展，而中国的迅速崛起似乎使美国降到了超级大国的地位，或许还引入了另一个超级大国。

这是对历史和时事的深刻洞察力和令人不安的分析。

通过www.DeepL.com/Translator（免费版）翻译

Amagisterial history of international relations in American history.

“The foreign policy of the United States…has been unusually ideolog­ical, unusually economic, and unusually democratic,” writes Mandelbaum, professor emeritus at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, with American leaders focused on ideals of liberty, human rights, and free elections. Comparatively weak for decades after the Revolution, America grew steadily, but it was the Civil War that caught the world’s attention. American money and production helped assure the Allied victory in World War I. Less “isolationist” between the wars than many popular histories claim, American foreign policy emphasized fiscal responsibility and disarmament until the Depression, when democratic powers turned inward and Germany and Japan sought to vastly expand their positions on the global stage. In his account of World War II, Mandelbaum emphasizes America’s own titanic expansion. By 1945, the U.S. manufactured 40% percent “of all the world’s armaments” and had built the world’s largest military. Then it was confronted by another superpower: the Soviet Union. Aided by conquests in Eastern Europe, a purported ally in Mao’s China, and the growing appeal of Marxism, the rise of the Soviets convinced Americans that they were under threat. This led to two large, disastrous wars in Korea and Vietnam, many smaller confrontations, a reconciliation with China, and, eventually, the unexpected disintegration of the Soviet Union. In the 1990s, America was the world’s unchallenged hyperpower, but the 21st century has been characterized by failure. The specter of terrorism, never a true military threat, obsessed American leaders, who plunged into expensive, fruitless wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Mandelbaum painfully concludes that many so-called American ideals have lost their appeal. Across the globe, radical nationalism has surged, and autocrats, often freely elected, have assumed power in many nations. Jingoistic extremist movements are flourishing in Western Europe and the U.S., and China’s rapid rise seems to have demoted America to superpower status or perhaps introduced another hyperpower.

A deeply insightful—and disturbing—analysis of both history and current affairs.